F07
extended
Information structure
Hidden elements
Hidden / Omitted Element
What is not said but understood?
intermediate
Ellipsis
Zero subject
Pro-drop
Implicit argument
Makna
A participant, verb, object, pronoun, connector, or meaning that is left unsaid because context or grammar supplies it.
Cara mengenalinya
Ask what the listener understands even though it is not spoken.
Contoh
Kata
understood subject|missing verb|omitted object
Frasa
Want some?|See you later|Coming?
Kalimat
Coming with us?
Visual guide
Basic shape
Spoken: Coming with us? Understood: [Are you] coming with us? Hidden element: subject + helper supplied by context
Compare shape
Silent slots vary: Subject: [you] coming? Helper: [do you] want some? Copula: price [is] high Object: I know [it] Some languages allow Ø; others must say it.
Tinjauan bahasa
Dalam bahasa ibu Anda
Indonesia
Kemunculan
strong
Tingkat kepentingan
Subjects and objects are often omitted when recoverable from context.
Sudah makan?
Already eaten?
Dalam bahasa yang dipelajari
Inggris
Kemunculan
strong
Tingkat kesulitan
English often omits recoverable words in conversation, coordination, and short answers.
I can come if you can.
second can = hidden verb phrase
Kendala umum pembelajar
Learners may either omit too much or repeat everything unnaturally.
Same block, different coding
Both languages use this block strongly, but they signal it differently. Focus on form changes, not only meaning.