Organizing the message
New and known
New and known information
Is this information new or already in the conversation?
known information
new information
Maksud
Whether a piece of information is being introduced, repeated, contrasted, assumed, resumed, or made prominent.
Cara mengenalinya
Ask whether the listener already has this information in the mental scene.
Visual guide
Conversation state: 1 NEW A woman entered. -> add woman #1 2 GIVEN The woman smiled. -> reuse woman #1 Listener already has it.