Evidence / Source Signal
How does the speaker know?
ਅਰਥ
A signal that marks whether information is seen, heard, inferred, assumed, reported, remembered, or generally known.
ਇਸ ਨੂੰ ਕਿਵੇਂ ਪਛਾਣਣਾ ਹੈ
Ask whether the sentence shows the source of knowledge.
ਉਦਾਹਰਨਾਂ
apparently|I heard|it seems|they say
I heard that|apparently true|it looks like
Apparently, the train is late.
Visual guide
claim: the train is late
^
evidence layer:
how does speaker know?
I heard / it seems / apparently
Apparently, the train is late.
Evidence choices: seen -> direct I heard -> heard they say -> reported it seems -> inferred apparently -> indirect
ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਝਲਕ
ਤੁਹਾਡੀ ਮੂਲ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਵਿੱਚ
Punjabi has reportative and inferential phrases, but not a mandatory evidential grammar system.
ਸੁਣਿਆ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਉਹ ਦਿੱਲੀ ਗਿਆ।
Heard is that he went to Delhi.
ਤੁਹਾਡੀ ਸਿੱਖੀ ਜਾ ਰਹੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਵਿੱਚ
English has lexical evidential signals such as apparently, reportedly, I heard that, but no broad obligatory evidential system.
Apparently, he left early.
apparently = evidence/source signal
Learners may not distinguish direct knowledge from reported information in formal writing.
Good transfer potential
This block behaves relatively similarly, so you can transfer intuition more safely between the two languages.