Quoted / Reported Speech
Direct speech
Indirect speech
Reported speech
Who said or thought it?
advanced
advanced
Information structure
ਅਰਥ
A structure that reports speech, thought, belief, command, or question directly or indirectly.
ਇਸ ਨੂੰ ਕਿਵੇਂ ਪਛਾਣਣਾ ਹੈ
Ask whose words or thoughts are being represented.
ਉਦਾਹਰਨਾਂ
ਸ਼ਬਦ
said|told|asked|thought|quoted
ਵਾਕਾਂਸ਼
he said that|she asked if|according to him
ਵਾਕ
She said that she was tired.
Visual guide
Basic shape
SPEAKER / THINKER
She said [that she was tired].
[reported thought]
Ask: whose words?
→ She represents them.
Compare shape
Direct quote: She said, "I am tired." Indirect report: She said [that she was tired]. Check shifts: I→she, am→was.
ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਝਲਕ
ਤੁਹਾਡੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਵਿੱਚ
Punjabi (standard, Gurmukhi)
ਮੌਜੂਦਗੀ
strong
ਮਹੱਤਤਾ
Reported speech often uses ਕਹਿਣਾ + ਕਿ; tense backshift is not the same as in English.
ਉਸਨੇ ਕਿਹਾ ਕਿ ਉਹ ਆਵੇਗਾ।
He said that he will come.
ਸਿੱਖੀ ਜਾ ਰਹੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਵਿੱਚ
Japanese
ਮੌਜੂਦਗੀ
strong
ਮੁਸ਼ਕਲਤਾ
Reported speech commonly uses the quotative particle と and speech verbs.
彼女は疲れたと言った。
She said that she was tired.
ਸਿੱਖਣ ਵਾਲਿਆਂ ਦੀ ਆਮ ਸਮੱਸਿਆ
Learners may omit と or mishandle tense and politeness inside quoted content.
Same block, different coding
Both languages use this block strongly, but they signal it differently. Focus on form changes, not only meaning.