Evidence / Source Signal
Evidentiality
Reportative
Inferential
Quotative
How does the speaker know?
advanced
advanced
Speaker stance
معنا
A signal that marks whether information is seen, heard, inferred, assumed, reported, remembered, or generally known.
چطور آن را تشخیص دهید
Ask whether the sentence shows the source of knowledge.
نمونهها
واژهها
apparently|I heard|it seems|they say
عبارتها
I heard that|apparently true|it looks like
جمله
Apparently, the train is late.
Visual guide
Basic shape
claim: the train is late
^
evidence layer:
how does speaker know?
I heard / it seems / apparently
Apparently, the train is late.
Compare shape
Evidence choices: seen -> direct I heard -> heard they say -> reported it seems -> inferred apparently -> indirect
نمای زبان
در زبان شما
Persian (Farsi, standard Iranian)
میزان حضور
medium
اهمیت
Persian has lexical evidence/source signals, but not a broad obligatory evidential system.
ظاهراً او رفته است.
apparently he/she gone is.
در زبان در حال یادگیری
Japanese
میزان حضور
medium
دشواری
Japanese has useful hearsay and inference markers, though not a mandatory evidential system.
電車が遅れているそうです。
I hear that the train is late.
چالش رایج زبانآموزان
Learners may confuse そうだ for hearsay with そうだ for appearance.
New in your learning language
This block is more central in your learning language. Give it extra focus in examples and practice.