12 angol igeidő

Present Simple:

• We use the Present Simple to describe habitual actions, general truths, facts, or states that are true in the present or happen regularly.

• This tense often describes actions that are part of a routine or occur regularly, as well as facts that are always true.

For example:
"She reads books every day."

This sentence indicates a habitual action; she reads books regularly as part of her routine.

Form: V+s/es

Signal words: "every day", "always", "often", "sometimes", "usually" etc.

Present Continuous:

• We use the Present Continuous to describe actions happening at the moment of speaking or actions occurring around the present time.

• This tense indicates actions that are in progress, ongoing, or temporary, happening around the time of speaking.

For example:
"She is reading a book right now."

This sentence indicates that the action of reading is happening at the moment of speaking, emphasizing its temporary nature.

Form: is/am/are + V+ing

Signal words: "now", "at the moment", "right now", "currently" etc.

In summary, the Present Simple is used for habitual actions, general truths, or facts that are true in the present, while the Present Continuous is used for actions happening at the moment of speaking or actions occurring around the present time.

Present Perfect:

• We use the Present Perfect Simple when we want to express the result or consequence of a past action or event that has relevance to the present moment.

• This tense often indicates that an action or event happened at an unspecified time in the past but has some connection to the present.

For example:
"I have finished my homework."

This sentence indicates that the homework has been completed, and there is a connection to the present moment because there is no homework left to do.

Form: has/have + V3

Signal words: "already", "just", "yet", "ever", "never", "since", "for" etc.

Present Perfect Continuous:

• We use the Present Perfect Continuous when we want to emphasize the duration or continuity of an action or event that started in the past and is still relevant to the present moment.

• This tense indicates that an action or event has been ongoing for a period of time leading up to the present moment.

For example:
"She has been studying for two hours."

This sentence emphasizes the continuous nature of the studying activity, which started in the past and is still ongoing. The action of studying has been going on for two hours, and it is still continuing.

Form: has/have been + V+ing

Signal words: "for", "since", "lately", "recently", "all day", "all week", "all morning" etc.

In summary, the Present Perfect Simple is used to express the result or consequence of a past action with relevance to the present, while the Present Perfect Continuous is used to emphasize the duration or continuity of an action or event that started in the past and is still ongoing in the present.

Past Simple:

• We use the Past Simple to describe completed actions or events that occurred at a specific point in the past.

• This tense often indicates actions or events that happened and ended in the past, without any emphasis on their duration.

For example:
"She visited her grandmother last weekend."

This sentence indicates a specific action that occurred and ended in the past, over the weekend.

Form: V2

Signal words: "yesterday", "last night", "last week", "in 1999" etc.

Past Continuous:

• We use the Past Continuous to describe actions that were ongoing or in progress at a specific point in the past or over a period of time in the past.

• This tense indicates actions that were happening at a particular moment in the past, or actions that were in progress when another action occurred.

For example:
"She was reading a book when the phone rang."

This sentence indicates that the action of reading was in progress when another event (the phone ringing) interrupted it.

Form: was/were + V+ing

Signal words: "while", "when", "as", "at that moment", "at that time" etc.

In summary, the Past Simple is used for completed actions or events that occurred at a specific point in the past, while the Past Continuous is used for actions that were ongoing or in progress at a specific moment or over a period of time in the past.

Past Perfect:

• We use the Past Perfect Simple to describe an action or event that occurred before another action or event in the past.

• This tense indicates that one action or event was completed before another action or event took place.

For example:
"She had finished her homework before she went to bed."

This sentence indicates that the action of finishing homework (past perfect) occurred before the action of going to bed (simple past).

Form: had + V3

Signal words: "before", "after", "already", "by the time" etc.

Past Perfect Continuous:

• We use the Past Perfect Continuous to describe an ongoing or continuous action that started in the past and continued up to a certain point in the past.

• This tense emphasizes the duration or continuity of an action that occurred before another action or event in the past.

For example:
"She had been studying for two hours before the exam started."

This sentence indicates that the action of studying (past perfect continuous) started before the exam started and continued for a period of two hours leading up to that point.

Form: had been + V+ing

Signal words: "before", "after", "for", "since", "all day", "all morning" etc.

In summary, the Past Perfect Simple is used to describe an action completed before another action or event in the past, while the Past Perfect Continuous is used to describe an ongoing or continuous action that occurred before another action or event in the past.

Future Simple:

• We use the Future Simple to describe actions or events that will happen in the future without any emphasis on the duration or ongoing nature of the action.

• This tense indicates a single action or event that will occur at a specific point in the future.

For example:
"She will go to the concert tomorrow."

This sentence indicates a future action (going to the concert) without any emphasis on the duration or continuity of the action.

Form: will/shall + V

Signal words: "tomorrow", "next week/month/year", "soon", "in the future" etc.

Future Continuous:

• We use the Future Continuous to describe actions or events that will be in progress at a specific point in the future or over a period of time in the future.
• This tense emphasizes the ongoing nature or duration of an action that will be happening at a particular moment in the future.

For example:
"She will be studying when you arrive."

This sentence indicates that the action of studying will be in progress at the moment of arrival in the future.

Form: will/shall be + V+ing

Signal words: "at this time tomorrow", "all afternoon", "when", "while", "by", "next week/month/year" etc.

In summary, the Future Simple is used to describe single actions or events that will happen in the future, while the Future Continuous is used to describe ongoing or continuous actions that will be happening at a specific point in the future or over a period of time in the future.

Future Perfect:

• We use the Future Perfect Simple to describe an action or event that will be completed before another action or event in the future.
• This tense indicates that one action or event will have been completed before another specific point or action in the future.

For example:
"She will have finished her homework by the time her friends arrive."

This sentence indicates that the action of finishing homework (future perfect) will be completed before the action of her friends arriving (future simple).

Form: will/shall have + V3

Signal words: "by", "by the time", "before", "by next week/month/year" etc.

Future Perfect Continuous:

• We use the Future Perfect Continuous to describe an ongoing or continuous action that will be in progress up to a certain point in the future.
• This tense emphasizes the duration or continuity of an action that will be happening before another specific point or action in the future.

For example:
"She will have been studying for two hours by the time the exam starts."

This sentence indicates that the action of studying (future perfect continuous) will have been ongoing for a period of two hours leading up to the start of the exam (future simple).

Form: will/shall have been + V+ing

Signal words: "by", "by the time", "for", "for six months", "for two hours", "by next week/month/year" etc.

In summary, the Future Perfect Simple is used to describe an action completed before another specific point or action in the future, while the Future Perfect Continuous is used to describe an ongoing or continuous action that will be happening before another specific point or action in the future.