F03
booster
Information structure
Scope
Scope Lamp
What does this marker apply to?
intermediate
Scope
Operator
Focus-sensitive particle
Ý nghĩa
The range affected by a word or marker such as not, only, also, all, every, already, still, almost, or even.
Cách nhận biết
Move the marker mentally and observe what meaning changes.
Ví dụ
Từ
only|also|not|all|every|almost|still
Cụm từ
only Anna|not all|almost finished
Câu
Only John saw Mary.
Visual guide
Basic shape
Scope = lit area
Only [John] saw Mary
^^^^
only applies here
Meaning:
John, not others,
saw Mary.
Compare shape
Move the lamp: Only [John] saw Mary = subject in scope John only [saw Mary] = whole event in scope John saw only [Mary] = object in scope
Góc nhìn theo ngôn ngữ
Trong ngôn ngữ mẹ đẻ của Bạn
Việt
Mức độ thể hiện
strong
Tầm quan trọng
Scope is carried by chỉ, cũng, đều, cả, tất cả, mỗi and their position.
Tôi chỉ uống nước.
I only drink water
Trong ngôn ngữ Bạn đang học
Anh
Mức độ thể hiện
strong
Độ khó
English scope depends strongly on placement and interpretation of words like only, even, also, all, not, and almost.
Only John saw Mary.
only scopes over John
Vấn đề thường gặp của người học
Learners may place only, also, and not in positions that change or obscure meaning.
Same block, different coding
Both languages use this block strongly, but they signal it differently. Focus on form changes, not only meaning.