F09
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Information structure
Quoting
Quoted / Reported Speech
Who said or thought it?
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Direct speech
Indirect speech
Reported speech
含义
A structure that reports speech, thought, belief, command, or question directly or indirectly.
如何识别
Ask whose words or thoughts are being represented.
示例
单词
said|told|asked|thought|quoted
短语
he said that|she asked if|according to him
句子
She said that she was tired.
Visual guide
Basic shape
SPEAKER / THINKER
She said [that she was tired].
[reported thought]
Ask: whose words?
→ She represents them.
Compare shape
Direct quote: She said, "I am tired." Indirect report: She said [that she was tired]. Check shifts: I→she, am→was.
语言视角
用母语深入讲解
中文
显性程度
strong
重要程度
Reported speech commonly uses 说 followed by a clause; Mandarin does not require English-style tense backshifting.
他说他明天来。
tā shuō tā míngtiān lái = he said he tomorrow come
在所学语言中
英语
显性程度
strong
学习难度
英语用转述动词、时态后移、代词变化和标点来区分直接引语和间接转述。
She said that she was tired.
that she was tired 这一部分是被转述的话。
常见易错点
学习者常在转述时忘记改时态、代词或时间词，也容易误用英文引号和逗号。
Same block, different coding
Both languages use this block strongly, but they signal it differently. Focus on form changes, not only meaning.