Actors are often nominative and reflected in verb agreement; explicit subjects can be omitted when the verb is enough.

In basic English clauses, the actor is usually before the verb and can trigger subject-verb agreement.

Arabic events are strongly verb-based, but verbal nouns are also common in formal style.

English events are centered on verbs, often supported by auxiliaries for tense, aspect, voice, or questions.

Targets are commonly accusative in formal MSA and can also appear as attached object pronouns.

English usually identifies the affected target by position after the verb, with pronoun case still visible in forms like him and her.

Arabic participants are noun phrases or pronouns; definiteness, gender, number and case may matter in formal MSA.

English participants are usually expressed as noun phrases or pronouns, often with articles and number marking.

Present-tense states usually have no overt “be”; past and future use forms such as كان or سيكون.

English usually requires the verb 'be' for states, locations, existence, and many descriptions.

Identity and classification are often expressed as nominal sentences without present-tense copula.

English identity and classification commonly use 'be', often with an article before singular count nouns.

Arabic often uses nominal topic-comment sentences, especially in the present tense without an overt copula.

English has topic-comment patterns, but ordinary subject-verb-object order is more common than strong topic marking.

Recipients are commonly marked with لِـ or expressed by attached pronouns with suitable verbs.

English marks recipients with double-object order or with prepositions such as to and for.

Experiences often use verb-specific patterns, prepositions, or attached pronouns rather than a simple English-style subject.

English often puts the experiencer as the subject, but some patterns use objects or prepositional phrases.

Instruments are usually marked with بــ or phrases such as بواسطة and عن طريق.

English usually expresses instruments with prepositions, especially with.

Time can be stated with adverbs, prepositional phrases, or inferred from verb form and context.

English uses time adverbs and prepositions such as at, on, in, for, and since to locate events in time.

MSA uses perfect/imperfect forms plus particles and context; it is not a simple European tense system.

English finite verbs normally show present or past tense; future is usually expressed with auxiliaries or context.