Quoted / Reported Speech
Direct speech
Indirect speech
Reported speech
Who said or thought it?
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advanced
Information structure
المعنى
A structure that reports speech, thought, belief, command, or question directly or indirectly.
كيفية التعرّف عليه
Ask whose words or thoughts are being represented.
أمثلة
كلمات
said|told|asked|thought|quoted
عبارات
he said that|she asked if|according to him
جملة
She said that she was tired.
Visual guide
Basic shape
SPEAKER / THINKER
She said [that she was tired].
[reported thought]
Ask: whose words?
→ She represents them.
Compare shape
Direct quote: She said, "I am tired." Indirect report: She said [that she was tired]. Check shifts: I→she, am→was.
منظور اللغة
في اللغة الأم
Arabic (Modern Standard)
درجة الحضور
strong
الأهمية
Reported speech often uses قال plus إن/أن clauses; tense and pronoun shifts depend on context.
قال إنه سيعود غدًا.
He said that he will return tomorrow.
في لغة التعلّم
Japanese
درجة الحضور
strong
الصعوبة
Reported speech commonly uses the quotative particle と and speech verbs.
彼女は疲れたと言った。
She said that she was tired.
تحدٍّ شائع في التعلّم
Learners may omit と or mishandle tense and politeness inside quoted content.
Same block, different coding
Both languages use this block strongly, but they signal it differently. Focus on form changes, not only meaning.