D08
core
Relations
Logical relations
Contrast Link
What is opposed to what?
basic
Contrastive conjunction
Concessive clause
معنا
A relation that sets two ideas against each other: but, although, however, while, instead of, yet.
چطور آن را تشخیص دهید
Look for a turn in the thought: expectation vs reality or one option against another.
نمونهها
واژهها
but|although|however|yet|whereas
عبارتها
but I stayed|although it was late|on the other hand
جمله
I was tired, but I kept working.
Visual guide
Basic shape
IDEA A ⇄ IDEA B (tension / turn) I was tired ⇄ I kept working I was tired, but I kept working. Ask: What is opposed?
Compare shape
Common contrast shapes: A, but B. Although A, B. B, although A. A = expectation/pressure B = turn or reality
نمای زبان
در زبان مادری شما
فارسی
میزان حضور
strong
اهمیت
Contrast is usually lexical with اما, ولی, با این حال.
خسته بودم، اما آمدم.
tired was-I, but came-I.
در زبانی که یاد میگیرید
انگلیسی
میزان حضور
strong
دشواری
English marks contrast with but, although, however, yet, though, and intonation.
I was tired, but I continued.
but = contrast
چالش رایج زبانآموزان
Learners may overuse but or misuse although/however in sentence structure.
Same block, different coding
Both languages use this block strongly, but they signal it differently. Focus on form changes, not only meaning.