Having Been Told Twice
Explora cómo las cláusulas de participio perfecto en voz pasiva conectan acontecimientos anteriores con decisiones, reacciones y consecuencias posteriores.
Preview
Questions with solutions-
1. Elige la respuesta correcta.
¿Qué nos dice la cláusula inicial sobre Maya?
Having been warned about loose rocks, Maya kept well back from the cliff.
- Someone had warned Maya about the loose rocks.
- Maya had warned someone else about the loose rocks.
- Maya was warning others as she moved away from the cliff.
Considera si Maya da o recibe la advertencia.
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- Someone had warned Maya about the loose rocks.
La forma pasiva hace que Maya sea quien recibe la advertencia. No es necesario mencionar quién le advirtió.
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2. Completa el espacio en blanco.
___ been told twice that the passage was closed, Owen took the marked detour.
- Being
- Having
- Had
La parte inicial es una cláusula de participio, no una oración independiente con un verbo conjugado.
Show solution
Having been told twice that the passage was closed, Owen took the marked detour.
La estructura es “having + been + past participle”. Presenta un evento anterior en voz pasiva como contexto de la acción principal.
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3. Completa el espacio en blanco.
El equipo de investigación —no el comité de selección— había sido preseleccionado para recibir la subvención.
Having been shortlisted for the grant, ___.
- the selection committee scheduled an interview
- an interview invitation was sent to the research team
- the research team began preparing for an interview
¿Quién debe ser el sujeto tanto de la cláusula inicial como de la cláusula principal?
Show solution
Having been shortlisted for the grant, the research team began preparing for an interview.
El sujeto implícito de la cláusula inicial es el sujeto de la cláusula principal. Aquí, el equipo de investigación debe ser el grupo que fue preseleccionado.
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4. Completa el espacio en blanco.
Sofia no había recibido ningún aviso de que la fecha límite había cambiado.
___ about the change, Sofia submitted her work under the old schedule.
- Not having been informed
- Having been informed
- Not having informed
El inicio debe describir información que Sofia no recibió.
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Not having been informed about the change, Sofia submitted her work under the old schedule.
“Not having been informed” describe la ausencia de una notificación previa. No sugiere que Sofia haya recibido el aviso y lo haya ignorado.
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5. Elige la respuesta correcta.
¿Qué construcción inicial describe una acción realizada previamente al paciente, en lugar de un estado previo?
- Having been unwell for several days, the patient was discharged.
- Having been examined by a specialist, the patient was discharged.
- Having been ready to leave since dawn, the patient was discharged.
“Been” puede introducir un adjetivo sin convertir la cláusula en pasiva.
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- Having been examined by a specialist, the patient was discharged.
“Examined by a specialist” describe una acción realizada sobre el paciente. “Unwell” y “ready” describen estados, por lo que esas construcciones iniciales son de perfecto, pero no de voz pasiva.
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6. Elige la respuesta correcta.
¿Qué relación indica “nevertheless”?
Having been warned that the river was rising, Noah nevertheless set out in his kayak.
- His decision is presented as the expected result of the warning.
- His decision is presented as occurring before the warning.
- His decision goes against the caution suggested by the warning.
¿La palabra de enlace sugiere una consecuencia esperada o un contraste?
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- His decision goes against the caution suggested by the warning.
Una construcción inicial en perfecto pasivo no siempre significa “because”. Aquí, “nevertheless” le da una interpretación concesiva: Noah fue a pesar de la advertencia.
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7. Elige la respuesta correcta.
¿Qué detalle establece la oración?
Having been assured that the bridge was safe, Leila agreed to cross it.
- Leila had received an assurance about the bridge's safety.
- The bridge had passed a professional safety inspection.
- Leila had personally checked the bridge for damage.
Distingue entre lo que le dijeron a Leila y lo que se verificó de forma independiente.
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- Leila had received an assurance about the bridge's safety.
La cláusula establece que se dio una garantía. No confirma que se haya inspeccionado el puente ni que la garantía fuera cierta.
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8. Elige la respuesta correcta.
¿Qué línea de tiempo se describe?
Tomorrow morning, technicians will repair the scanner. Having been repaired, it will return to service that afternoon.
- The repair is already complete, but the return to service is planned for tomorrow.
- The repair and return to service are both planned for tomorrow, with the repair first.
- The scanner will return to service tomorrow before the technicians repair it.
¿“perfect” siempre sitúa un evento antes del momento presente?
Show solution
- The repair and return to service are both planned for tomorrow, with the repair first.
El participio perfecto indica que un evento es anterior al evento de la oración principal. Ambos eventos pueden estar en el futuro.
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9. Elige la respuesta correcta.
En un informe formal, ¿qué versión concisa conserva la causa y el efecto originales?
The prototype had been damaged in transit, so it was withdrawn from the demonstration.
- Having been withdrawn from the demonstration, the prototype was damaged in transit.
- Having been damaged in transit, the demonstration was withdrawn.
- Having been damaged in transit, the prototype was withdrawn from the demonstration.
Mantén sin cambios tanto la causa previa como el elemento afectado por ella.
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- Having been damaged in transit, the prototype was withdrawn from the demonstration.
Esta construcción concisa es común en los informes formales. Deja el daño previo en segundo plano y mantiene el retiro como el acontecimiento principal.
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10. Elige la respuesta correcta.
¿En qué orden ocurrieron los tres eventos?
Having been notified of the error only after the payment had cleared, Tomas requested a refund.
- The payment cleared, Tomas received notice of the error, and he requested a refund.
- Tomas received notice of the error, the payment cleared, and he requested a refund.
- The payment cleared, Tomas requested a refund, and he received notice of the error.
Primero interpreta “only after”; luego relaciona la cláusula inicial con la cláusula principal.
Show solution
- The payment cleared, Tomas received notice of the error, and he requested a refund.
“Only after” indica que el pago se hizo efectivo antes de la notificación. “Having been notified” indica, a su vez, que esa notificación ocurrió antes de la solicitud de reembolso.