Explora cómo funciona el sueño, qué influye en nuestros hábitos de sueño y qué puede —y qué no puede— decirnos la investigación sobre los sueños.
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Questions with solutions-
1. Elige la respuesta correcta.
Which evening habit would best support Elena's goal?
Bright evening light can delay the body's internal clock. Elena wants to start feeling sleepy earlier.
- Keeping bright ceiling lights on until she falls asleep.
- Dimming the room lights as bedtime approaches.
- Increasing her screen brightness during her bedtime routine.
Show solution
- Dimming the room lights as bedtime approaches.
Light is a timing signal for the body, not just something that helps us see.
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2. Elige la respuesta correcta.
¿Qué puede concluir razonablemente una persona después de que el café la haga sentirse más alerta?
Caffeine blocks some of the brain's signals for sleepiness rather than replacing sleep.
- They may feel more awake while still needing sleep.
- Their need for sleep has disappeared.
- Their body has already recovered from a short night.
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- They may feel more awake while still needing sleep.
La cafeína puede permanecer activa durante varias horas, por lo que consumirla al final del día también puede hacer que sea más difícil conciliar el sueño.
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3. Elige la respuesta correcta.
¿Cuál es uno de los efectos de esta menor actividad muscular?
During rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, the brain is active, but many muscles used to move the body have greatly reduced activity.
- It prevents the brain from producing vivid dreams.
- It keeps the sleeper's eyes completely still.
- It helps limit large body movements during dreams.
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- It helps limit large body movements during dreams.
Los movimientos oculares y la respiración continúan incluso cuando muchos otros músculos están menos activos.
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4. Elige la respuesta correcta.
How would a period of sleep early in the night typically differ from one later in the night?
Deep non-REM sleep tends to be more common early in the night. REM periods generally become longer toward morning.
- The early period would usually contain more deep sleep, and the later one more REM sleep.
- The early period would usually contain more REM sleep, and the later one more deep sleep.
- Both periods would contain exactly the same proportions of each sleep stage.
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- The early period would usually contain more deep sleep, and the later one more REM sleep.
Sleep cycles repeat during the night, but their balance of stages changes.
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5. Elige la respuesta correcta.
¿Por qué quedarse dormido rápidamente no basta para demostrar que se durmió bien?
Alcohol may make a person feel sleepy at first, but it can disrupt sleep later in the night.
- The time spent falling asleep determines every aspect of sleep quality.
- Sleep quality also depends on what happens after sleep begins.
- Any substance that causes sleepiness also supports uninterrupted sleep.
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- Sleep quality also depends on what happens after sleep begins.
Los despertares breves pueden interrumpir el sueño incluso cuando la persona no los recuerda a la mañana siguiente.
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6. Elige la respuesta correcta.
What is the most realistic expectation for Saturday?
During the week, Ben regularly sleeps less than he needs. On Saturday, he plans to get extra sleep.
- One long night will reliably reverse every effect of the week's short nights.
- His body cannot benefit from extra sleep after several short nights.
- Extra sleep may help, but it does not guarantee full recovery.
Consider the difference between helping recovery and guaranteeing complete recovery.
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- Extra sleep may help, but it does not guarantee full recovery.
The effects of sleep loss can wear off at different rates. Regularly getting enough sleep is more reliable than depending on one catch-up night.
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7. Elige la respuesta correcta.
Which response best addresses this temporary effect?
Priya wakes from a long nap feeling briefly groggy. This temporary difficulty becoming fully alert is called sleep inertia.
- Giving herself time to become fully alert before starting a demanding task.
- Scheduling her most demanding work for the first moments after waking.
- Assuming that a longer nap will always prevent grogginess when she wakes.
Show solution
- Giving herself time to become fully alert before starting a demanding task.
Sleep inertia tends to be stronger after waking from deeper sleep, so a longer nap does not always mean an easier awakening.
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8. Elige la respuesta correcta.
¿Qué sugiere esto sobre el inicio temprano de las clases por la mañana?
During adolescence, the body's preferred sleep schedule often shifts later. A teenager may struggle to fall asleep early even when tired.
- They prove that teenagers need less sleep than adults.
- They may conflict with teenagers' natural sleep timing.
- They automatically make teenagers feel sleepy earlier that evening.
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- They may conflict with teenagers' natural sleep timing.
Un reloj biológico más tardío no implica una menor necesidad de sueño; los adolescentes generalmente necesitan dormir más que los adultos.
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9. Elige la respuesta correcta.
¿Qué conclusión está justificada por el relato de Leah?
Leah says she almost never remembers a dream. Her friend concludes that she never dreams.
- She misses REM sleep on most nights.
- Her brain is less active during sleep than the brains of people who recall dreams.
- She recalls few dreams, but this does not show that she never dreams.
Experimentar algo y recordarlo son cosas diferentes.
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- She recalls few dreams, but this does not show that she never dreams.
Los recuerdos de los sueños suelen desvanecerse rápidamente después de despertar, por lo que lo que se recuerda constituye un registro incompleto de lo soñado.
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10. Elige la respuesta correcta.
¿Por qué las etiquetas de las etapas del sueño del dispositivo deben considerarse estimaciones?
A wrist device uses movement and heart rate to label periods of light, deep, and REM sleep.
- It infers sleep stages from indirect signals rather than directly measuring brain activity.
- Each heart rate value identifies exactly one sleep stage.
- It records brain waves directly through the wrist.
Piensa en lo que realmente mide el dispositivo.
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- It infers sleep stages from indirect signals rather than directly measuring brain activity.
Los estudios del sueño en laboratorio combinan la actividad cerebral, los movimientos oculares y la actividad muscular para identificar las etapas del sueño.
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11. Elige la respuesta correcta.
Which claim does this result support?
In a controlled study, two groups learn the same word pairs. After the same length of time, the group that slept remembers more than the group that stayed awake.
- Remembering a dream is necessary for retaining new information.
- Sleep can help people retain recently learned information.
- The content of a dream determines which information is retained.
The study measured memory performance, not dream content.
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- Sleep can help people retain recently learned information.
Better memory after sleep points to a benefit, but explaining the mechanism requires more than a difference in test scores.
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12. Elige la respuesta correcta.
¿Qué conclusión se ajusta a la evidencia?
Researchers have proposed that dreams may relate to memory or emotional processing. There is no scientific agreement on one main purpose of dreaming.
- Every dream contains a fixed message that researchers can decode.
- Because theories differ, dreams cannot have any function.
- Dreams may relate to several mental processes, but their full function remains uncertain.
La incertidumbre no demuestra ni una explicación universal ni la ausencia de una función.
Show solution
- Dreams may relate to several mental processes, but their full function remains uncertain.
Una posible función es una hipótesis que se debe investigar, no una regla universal para interpretar sueños individuales.