A02
core
Scene core
Participant roles
Actor / Source
Who or what starts the event?
basic
Subject
Agent
Causer
Znaczenie
The participant that acts, causes, initiates, controls, or is presented as the source of an event.
Jak to rozpoznać
Ask who is doing, causing, or starting the event.
Przykłady
Słowa
I|Peter|the dog|the machine|the wind
Zwroty
the teacher explains|the wind opens
Zdanie
The dog bit the postman.
Visual guide
Basic shape
ACTOR / SOURCE who starts the event? [the dog] -> bit -> postman [the wind] -> opens [the teacher] -> explains = doer/causer/source
Compare shape
Actor clues may differ order: [dog] bit postman case: [dog-NOM/ERG] agreement: dog -> verb pronoun form: I / me topic: [dog-TOP] voice: by [dog] role = event starter
Widok językowy
W języku ojczystym
Polski
Występowanie
strong
Znaczenie
Actors are usually nominative and the verb agrees with person and number.
Maria czyta książkę.
Maria reads book.
W języku nauki
Angielski
Występowanie
strong
Trudność
In basic English clauses, the actor is usually before the verb and can trigger subject-verb agreement.
She opened the door.
she = the actor/source
Typowa trudność uczących się
Learners from flexible word-order languages may move the actor too freely or omit required subjects.
Same block, different coding
Both languages use this block strongly, but they signal it differently. Focus on form changes, not only meaning.