Actor / Source
Subject
Agent
Causer
Who or what starts the event?
core
basic
Scene core
Znaczenie
The participant that acts, causes, initiates, controls, or is presented as the source of an event.
Jak to rozpoznać
Ask who is doing, causing, or starting the event.
Przykłady
Słowa
I|Peter|the dog|the machine|the wind
Zwroty
the teacher explains|the wind opens
Zdanie
The dog bit the postman.
Visual guide
Basic shape
ACTOR / SOURCE who starts the event? [the dog] -> bit -> postman [the wind] -> opens [the teacher] -> explains = doer/causer/source
Compare shape
Actor clues may differ order: [dog] bit postman case: [dog-NOM/ERG] agreement: dog -> verb pronoun form: I / me topic: [dog-TOP] voice: by [dog] role = event starter
Widok językowy
W języku ojczystym
Polish (standard)
Występowanie
strong
Znaczenie
Actors are usually nominative and the verb agrees with person and number.
Maria czyta książkę.
Maria reads book.
W języku docelowym
Arabic (Modern Standard)
Występowanie
strong
Trudność
Actors are often nominative and reflected in verb agreement; explicit subjects can be omitted when the verb is enough.
كتب الطالب الدرس.
The student wrote the lesson.
Typowa trudność uczących się
Learners may rely only on word order and miss agreement or nominative marking.
Same block, different coding
Both languages use this block strongly, but they signal it differently. Focus on form changes, not only meaning.