F01
booster
Information structure
Focus
Spotlight / Focus
What is the most important new information?
intermediate
Focus
Emphasis
Cleft
Contrastive focus
Význam
The part of the message that carries the main emphasis, contrast, correction, or answer to the current question.
Jak to poznat
Ask which part would be stressed or corrected in context.
Příklady
Slova
only|even|it was|not X but Y
Fráze
it was Anna who|ANNA did it|only Peter
Věta
Anna bought the book, not Peter.
Visual guide
Basic shape
Message = background + focus Who bought the book? background: bought the book FOCUS: Anna Anna bought the book. = Anna, not Peter
Compare shape
Same focus, many shapes Stress: ANNA did it Cleft: it was Anna who... Particle: only Peter Contrast: not X but Y Word order/focus slot may mark it Task: find the spotlight
Pohled podle jazyka
Ve Vašem mateřském jazyce
Angličtina
Výskyt
strong
Důležitost
English uses stress, cleft sentences, fronting, and context to mark focus.
It was John who called.
John = focused information
V jazyce, který se učíte
Španělština
Výskyt
strong
Obtížnost
Focus can be shown through stress, word order, clefting, and focus expressions.
Fue Ana quien llamó.
It was Ana who called.
Typická potíž při učení
Learners may miss that changing position or stress changes what is emphasized.
Same block, different coding
Both languages use this block strongly, but they signal it differently. Focus on form changes, not only meaning.