Scope Lamp
Scope
Operator
Focus-sensitive particle
What does this marker apply to?
booster
intermediate
Information structure
Význam
The range affected by a word or marker such as not, only, also, all, every, already, still, almost, or even.
Jak to poznat
Move the marker mentally and observe what meaning changes.
Příklady
Slova
only|also|not|all|every|almost|still
Fráze
only Anna|not all|almost finished
Věta
Only John saw Mary.
Visual guide
Basic shape
Scope = lit area
Only [John] saw Mary
^^^^
only applies here
Meaning:
John, not others,
saw Mary.
Compare shape
Move the lamp: Only [John] saw Mary = subject in scope John only [saw Mary] = whole event in scope John saw only [Mary] = object in scope
Pohled podle jazyka
Ve Vašem jazyce
Arabic (Modern Standard)
Výskyt
strong
Důležitost
Scope is important with negation, إلا, فقط, كل, بعض and similar operators.
لا أقرأ إلا الكتبَ المفيدة.
I read only useful books.
V jazyce, který se učíte
German (standard)
Výskyt
strong
Obtížnost
Scope depends on particles and their position, especially nur, auch, schon and noch.
Ich lese nur den ersten Teil.
I read only the first part.
Typická potíž při učení
Learners may place only/also equivalents where they modify the wrong element.
Same block, different coding
Both languages use this block strongly, but they signal it differently. Focus on form changes, not only meaning.