Ősi városok és titkaik

by Vocafy Ellenőrzött

Angol (US) B2 12 kérdés History & culture

Fedezz fel különleges városokat, leleményes építési módszereket és máig élő legendákat. Tudd meg, mit tárhat fel a régészet – és mi marad bizonytalan.

1. 1. Válaszd ki a helyes választ.

   Miért maradt fenn sok festmény és mindennapi használati tárgy?

   Pompeii, a Roman city in present-day Italy, was buried by volcanic material from Mount Vesuvius. Excavators later found wall paintings and everyday objects inside its buildings.

   • The rapid burial protected them from weather and later disturbance.
   • The city remained occupied, so residents maintained every building.
   • Roman artists replaced the paintings after the eruption.
   • The eruption turned paintings and household objects into solid stone.

   Gondold át, mit tarthat távol az épületektől egy hirtelen rájuk kerülő réteg.

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   • The rapid burial protected them from weather and later disturbance.

   A hirtelen betemetődés megőrizheti a mindennapi élet tereit és a személyes tárgyakat, így nem csupán a jelentős műemlékekről, hanem a mindennapi életről is képet kaphatunk.

2. 2. Válaszd ki a helyes választ.

   Mi volt ennek a rendszernek a rendeltetése?

   Some Roman bath buildings had raised floors with empty spaces underneath. A furnace sent hot air through these spaces and into passages within the walls.

   • Carry clean water into bathing pools.
   • Drain used water out of the building.
   • Heat the floors and rooms.
   • Cool the rooms during hot weather.

   Kövesd a kemencéből kiinduló hő útját.

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   • Heat the floors and rooms.

   Ezt a padlófűtési rendszert hipokausztumnak nevezik. A római építők fürdőkben és egyes jómódú családok otthonaiban használták.

3. 3. Válaszd ki a helyes választ.

   What was a major purpose of these structures?

   Petra, an ancient city in present-day Jordan, had rock-cut channels leading to large water storage tanks. Rainfall in the surrounding region was limited and seasonal.

   • To carry wastewater directly out of the city.
   • To keep a supply of water for dry periods.
   • To heat water before it entered public baths.

   Think about the months when little rain falls.

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   • To keep a supply of water for dry periods.

   Petra's impressive architecture depended on practical water management as well as skilled stone carving.

4. 4. Válaszd ki a helyes választ.

   Miért voltak hasznosak ezek a teraszok?

   At Machu Picchu, an Inca settlement in present-day Peru, terraces create flat strips on steep slopes. Stone walls hold soil in place, while drainage allows extra rainwater to escape.

   • They created usable land while limiting soil loss.
   • They trapped water to keep the slopes permanently flooded.
   • They allowed buildings to stand safely on unsupported loose soil.

   Gondold át, hogyan hat az eső a lejtőn lévő talajra.

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   • They created usable land while limiting soil loss.

   A vízelvezetés a teraszok kialakításának elengedhetetlen része volt: a fal mögött felgyülemlő víz csökkentheti a fal stabilitását.

5. 5. Válaszd ki a helyes választ.

   What do the imported ceramics show most clearly?

   Great Zimbabwe was a major stone-built city in southern Africa. Excavators have found locally made pottery alongside ceramics produced in Asia.

   • The city's merchants must have traveled directly to Asia.
   • Local pottery production ended before imported ceramics arrived.
   • Goods reached the city through long-distance trade networks.

   Objects can pass through several places before reaching a buyer.

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   • Goods reached the city through long-distance trade networks.

   Imported goods can reveal trade connections without proving that people traveled directly between the places where they were made and found.

6. 6. Válaszd ki a helyes választ.

   Which conclusion do these remains directly support?

   Near Egypt's pyramids at Giza, archaeologists have found a workers' settlement dating to the period of pyramid construction. It included bakeries and areas for preparing food.

   • Every worker had the same legal and social status.
   • Construction involved an organized workforce supplied with food.
   • The builders never needed food supplies from outside the settlement.
   • The settlement was built only after pyramid construction ended.

   Look at the facilities that would serve many people.

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   • Construction involved an organized workforce supplied with food.

   Housing and food facilities reveal how workers were supported; they do not, by themselves, establish whether every worker was free or enslaved.

7. 7. Válaszd ki a helyes választ.

   Mit bizonyít a régészeti felfedezés?

   Excavations in northwestern Turkey revealed an ancient settlement widely identified as Troy. Homer's Iliad describes a war there and includes gods taking part in the fighting.

   • The poem provides an exact eyewitness account of the war.
   • Gods physically intervened in battles at the site.
   • A real settlement existed at the site associated with Troy.
   • Every excavated wall was built for the war described in the poem.

   Különítsd el egy hely létezését a történet részleteitől.

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   • A real settlement existed at the site associated with Troy.

   Egy történelmi helyszín ihletet adhat egy történethez anélkül, hogy igazolná annak szereplőit, eseményeit vagy természetfeletti elemeit.

8. 8. Válaszd ki a helyes választ.

   Mit tehetnek a kutatók biztonsággal ezekkel a jelekkel?

   Ancient Indus cities in present-day Pakistan and northwestern India produced seals bearing short groups of signs. There is no widely accepted decipherment of these signs.

   • Compare their shapes and look for recurring patterns.
   • Give a reliable translation of every inscription.
   • Identify the spoken language with certainty.

   Mit figyelhetsz meg a jelentés ismerete nélkül?

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   • Compare their shapes and look for recurring patterns.

   A mintázatok akkor is tanulmányozhatók, ha a jelentések ismeretlenek maradnak. A kutatók összehasonlíthatják, hogy mely jelek jelennek meg együtt, és milyen gyakran fordulnak elő.

9. 9. Válaszd ki a helyes választ.

   Which conclusion is justified?

   Plato, a philosopher in ancient Greece, described Atlantis in his writings. No site has been securely identified as Atlantis through archaeological evidence.

   • Archaeology has proved that no such city ever existed.
   • Atlantis has not been confirmed as a real city by archaeology.
   • Plato's description establishes the city's exact location.

   Not finding evidence does not settle the question either way.

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   • Atlantis has not been confirmed as a real city by archaeology.

   Lack of confirmation is not the same as proof that something never existed. A claim still needs reliable evidence before it is treated as fact.

10. 10. Válaszd ki a helyes választ.

    Which conclusion best fits this evidence?

    At Angkor in present-day Cambodia, researchers study reservoirs, sediment, tree-ring records, and written accounts. Together, these indicate severe droughts and intense rainfall that put pressure on the city's large water system during its decline.

    • The climate evidence identifies one cause that explains every change.
    • Having reservoirs made the city independent of rainfall.
    • Environmental pressures may have contributed to a complex decline.

    A contributing factor is not necessarily a complete explanation.

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    • Environmental pressures may have contributed to a complex decline.

    Environmental stress was likely one part of a broader change, and urban decline does not always mean total abandonment: Angkor Wat remained in use even as much of the wider urban area declined.

11. 11. Válaszd ki a helyes választ.

    Mit árul el legközvetlenebbül a gerenda kormeghatározása?

    Radiocarbon dating measures the age of once-living material. A wooden beam in an ancient city's temple may have been reused from an older building.

    • When the beam was installed in this temple.
    • When builders carved the beam into its present shape.
    • When people stopped using the temple.
    • The age of the wood, not necessarily the temple's construction date.

    A faanyag már ennek az épületnek a megépítése előtt is létezhetett.

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    • The age of the wood, not necessarily the temple's construction date.

    Egy tárgy kora és felhasználásának időpontja eltérhet egymástól. Az újra felhasznált faanyag miatt egy épület régebbinek tűnhet, ha a bizonyítékokat nem kellő körültekintéssel értelmezik.

12. 12. Válaszd ki a helyes választ.

    Which conclusion about the two accounts is most reasonable?

    Imagine researchers find two accounts of the same battle in an ancient city. A king's inscription calls it a "complete victory," while a soldier's letter reports heavy losses.

    • Heavy losses prove that the king lost the battle.
    • A victory could involve heavy losses, and each source may emphasize a different point.
    • A claim of victory proves that the army suffered no serious losses.
    • The difference between the accounts makes both records useless.

    Winning does not always mean escaping harm.

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    • A victory could involve heavy losses, and each source may emphasize a different point.

    Royal inscriptions often promote a ruler's reputation, while personal letters may focus on immediate experience. Different perspectives need not be completely contradictory.