Actors are usually nominative and the verb agrees with person and number.

In basic English clauses, the actor is usually before the verb and can trigger subject-verb agreement.

The event is usually a finite verb with person, number and aspect information.

English events are centered on verbs, often supported by auxiliaries for tense, aspect, voice, or questions.

Targets are often marked by accusative; negation and animacy can change the form.

English usually identifies the affected target by position after the verb, with pronoun case still visible in forms like him and her.

Polish noun phrases carry gender, number and case; there are no articles.

English participants are usually expressed as noun phrases or pronouns, often with articles and number marking.

States usually use być, while existence/location often use jest or znajduje się.

English usually requires the verb 'be' for states, locations, existence, and many descriptions.

Identity often uses być plus instrumental; to jest frames may use nominative.

English identity and classification commonly use 'be', often with an article before singular count nouns.

Polish has no topic marker; topic is shown by context, position and stress.

English has topic-comment patterns, but ordinary subject-verb-object order is more common than strong topic marking.

Recipients are commonly marked by the dative case or a prepositional phrase.

English marks recipients with double-object order or with prepositions such as to and for.

Many experiencers act like subjects, but some feelings use dative patterns.

English often puts the experiencer as the subject, but some patterns use objects or prepositional phrases.

Tools and means are often expressed with instrumental case.

English usually expresses instruments with prepositions, especially with.

Time points and spans use adverbs or prepositional phrases with case.

English uses time adverbs and prepositions such as at, on, in, for, and since to locate events in time.

Polish marks past, present and future, with gender in many past forms.

English finite verbs normally show present or past tense; future is usually expressed with auxiliaries or context.