D04
extended
Relations
Relations between participants
Instrument Link
With what means?
intermediate
Instrumental
Means
Comitative/instrumental marker
Znaczenie
The grammatical link that connects an action to the tool, method, channel, or means used.
Jak to rozpoznać
Find the connector that means with, by, through, using.
Przykłady
Słowa
with|by|using|through
Zwroty
with a key|by bus|using the app
Zdanie
She opened the door with a key.
Visual guide
Basic shape
SHE --opened--> DOOR
↑
with a key
INSTRUMENT = tool/means
Ask: with what means?
Compare shape
Same means, many shapes: with a key (tool) by bus (method) using the app (means) through X (channel) key-INST open (case)
Widok językowy
W języku ojczystym
Polski
Występowanie
strong
Znaczenie
Means and instruments are commonly marked by instrumental case.
Piszę długopisem.
I-write pen-INSTR.
W języku nauki
Angielski
Występowanie
strong
Trudność
English typically marks instruments with with, by, or using.
He opened it with a key.
with a key = instrument link
Typowa trudność uczących się
Learners may confuse with and by, especially in passive-like contexts.
Same block, different coding
Both languages use this block strongly, but they signal it differently. Focus on form changes, not only meaning.