Direct and indirect speech
Are we repeating someone's words or telling what they said?
Significado
We can repeat someone's words or report their message in our own words. Repeating the words is direct speech; reporting the message is indirect speech, which can also report thoughts or questions. Languages differ in how they mark these reports, and some have no special verb forms for them. Unlike According to whom, which identifies whose view a statement expresses, this block is about how we report words or thoughts.
Como identificar
Look for words or thoughts presented as someone else's, and check whether they are quoted or fitted into the reporter's own sentence.
Na tua língua materna
Direct speech repeats someone's words, while indirect speech reports their message, commonly with que after a verb such as dizer. Reported yes-or-no questions use se, and other reported questions retain a question word such as onde or quando. Pronouns and time expressions follow the reporting viewpoint; a past reporting verb often leads to past forms, but a still-current statement can retain a present form.
A Ana disse: “Vou chegar mais tarde.”
The quoted words keep Ana's original viewpoint.
A Ana disse que ia chegar mais tarde.
Que introduces the report, and ia presents the planned arrival from a past viewpoint.
O Paulo perguntou se a loja estava aberta.
Se introduces a reported yes-or-no question.
Na tua língua de aprendizagem
English quotes direct speech and uses verbs such as say or ask to introduce indirect speech. After a past reporting verb, the reported verb often shifts into a past form, though this is not always needed if the message is still true. Reported questions normally use statement word order, not the order of a direct question.
Anna said, "I am tired."
The quotation presents Anna's words directly.
Anna said that she was tired.
I becomes she, and am shifts to was after the past reporting verb.
Ben asked where I lived.
The reported question puts the subject before the verb and does not use did.
Learners whose language keeps the original tense in reports may miss the usual tense change after a past reporting verb. Learners whose language keeps direct-question word order in reports may use an English question form where statement order is needed.