E07
extended
Speaker stance
Certainty
Certainty Signal
How sure is the speaker?
intermediate
Epistemic modality
Evidential adverb
Stance marker
Znaczenie
A signal of certainty, probability, doubt, assumption, hearsay, inference, or confidence.
Jak to rozpoznać
Look for words like certainly, probably, maybe, apparently.
Przykłady
Słowa
certainly|probably|maybe|apparently|surely
Zwroty
probably true|maybe later|apparently finished
Zdanie
She is probably at home.
Visual guide
Basic shape
claim: She is at home.
^
certainty layer:
how sure is speaker?
maybe -> probably -> certainly
low mid high
Compare shape
Where can E07 live? adverb: probably particle: maybe modal verb: MOD + verb verb/mood: CERT-form same job: confidence
Widok językowy
W języku ojczystym
Polski
Występowanie
medium
Znaczenie
Certainty is mostly lexical with na pewno, chyba, pewnie, może.
Na pewno przyjdzie.
For sure he-will-come.
W języku nauki
Angielski
Występowanie
strong
Trudność
English certainty is expressed with modals, adverbs, stance verbs, and intonation.
She must be at home.
must = strong inference/certainty
Typowa trudność uczących się
Learners often confuse epistemic must/may/might with obligation or permission meanings.
Same block, different coding
Both languages use this block strongly, but they signal it differently. Focus on form changes, not only meaning.