Certainty Signal
Epistemic modality
Evidential adverb
Stance marker
How sure is the speaker?
extended
intermediate
Speaker stance
Znaczenie
A signal of certainty, probability, doubt, assumption, hearsay, inference, or confidence.
Jak to rozpoznać
Look for words like certainly, probably, maybe, apparently.
Przykłady
Słowa
certainly|probably|maybe|apparently|surely
Zwroty
probably true|maybe later|apparently finished
Zdanie
She is probably at home.
Visual guide
Basic shape
claim: She is at home.
^
certainty layer:
how sure is speaker?
maybe -> probably -> certainly
low mid high
Compare shape
Where can E07 live? adverb: probably particle: maybe modal verb: MOD + verb verb/mood: CERT-form same job: confidence
Widok językowy
W języku ojczystym
Polish (standard)
Występowanie
medium
Znaczenie
Certainty is mostly lexical with na pewno, chyba, pewnie, może.
Na pewno przyjdzie.
For sure he-will-come.
W języku docelowym
Japanese
Występowanie
strong
Trudność
Certainty is marked by adverbs and sentence-final forms such as だろう.
彼女はたぶん家にいる。
She is probably at home.
Typowa trudność uczących się
Learners may miss the strength difference between たぶん, きっと and でしょう.
Same block, different coding
Both languages use this block strongly, but they signal it differently. Focus on form changes, not only meaning.