Evidence / Source Signal
How does the speaker know?
Znaczenie
A signal that marks whether information is seen, heard, inferred, assumed, reported, remembered, or generally known.
Jak to rozpoznać
Ask whether the sentence shows the source of knowledge.
Przykłady
apparently|I heard|it seems|they say
I heard that|apparently true|it looks like
Apparently, the train is late.
Visual guide
claim: the train is late
^
evidence layer:
how does speaker know?
I heard / it seems / apparently
Apparently, the train is late.
Evidence choices: seen -> direct I heard -> heard they say -> reported it seems -> inferred apparently -> indirect
Widok językowy
W języku ojczystym
Evidence source is mostly lexical, not an obligatory grammatical category.
Podobno on już wyjechał.
Reportedly he already left.
W języku nauki
English has lexical evidential signals such as apparently, reportedly, I heard that, but no broad obligatory evidential system.
Apparently, he left early.
apparently = evidence/source signal
Learners may not distinguish direct knowledge from reported information in formal writing.
Good transfer potential
This block behaves relatively similarly, so you can transfer intuition more safely between the two languages.