F07
extended
Information structure
Hidden elements
Hidden / Omitted Element
What is not said but understood?
intermediate
Ellipsis
Zero subject
Pro-drop
Implicit argument
Znaczenie
A participant, verb, object, pronoun, connector, or meaning that is left unsaid because context or grammar supplies it.
Jak to rozpoznać
Ask what the listener understands even though it is not spoken.
Przykłady
Słowa
understood subject|missing verb|omitted object
Zwroty
Want some?|See you later|Coming?
Zdanie
Coming with us?
Visual guide
Basic shape
Spoken: Coming with us? Understood: [Are you] coming with us? Hidden element: subject + helper supplied by context
Compare shape
Silent slots vary: Subject: [you] coming? Helper: [do you] want some? Copula: price [is] high Object: I know [it] Some languages allow Ø; others must say it.
Widok językowy
W języku ojczystym
Polski
Występowanie
strong
Znaczenie
Subjects and repeated elements are often omitted when verb/context identifies them.
Idę do sklepu.
I-go to shop.
W języku nauki
Angielski
Występowanie
strong
Trudność
English often omits recoverable words in conversation, coordination, and short answers.
I can come if you can.
second can = hidden verb phrase
Typowa trudność uczących się
Learners may either omit too much or repeat everything unnaturally.
Same block, different coding
Both languages use this block strongly, but they signal it differently. Focus on form changes, not only meaning.