Quoted / Reported Speech
Who said or thought it?
Znaczenie
A structure that reports speech, thought, belief, command, or question directly or indirectly.
Jak to rozpoznać
Ask whose words or thoughts are being represented.
Przykłady
said|told|asked|thought|quoted
he said that|she asked if|according to him
She said that she was tired.
Visual guide
SPEAKER / THINKER
She said [that she was tired].
[reported thought]
Ask: whose words?
→ She represents them.
Direct quote: She said, "I am tired." Indirect report: She said [that she was tired]. Check shifts: I→she, am→was.
Widok językowy
W języku ojczystym
Reported speech uses direct quotes or że/czy clauses; tense handling differs from English.
Powiedział, że przyjdzie.
He-said that he-will-come.
W języku nauki
English distinguishes direct and reported speech with reporting verbs, tense backshift, pronouns, and punctuation.
She said that she was tired.
reported clause = reported speech
Learners often struggle with tense shift, quote punctuation, and pronoun/time changes.
Good transfer potential
This block behaves relatively similarly, so you can transfer intuition more safely between the two languages.