Quoted / Reported Speech
Direct speech
Indirect speech
Reported speech
Who said or thought it?
advanced
advanced
Information structure
Znaczenie
A structure that reports speech, thought, belief, command, or question directly or indirectly.
Jak to rozpoznać
Ask whose words or thoughts are being represented.
Przykłady
Słowa
said|told|asked|thought|quoted
Zwroty
he said that|she asked if|according to him
Zdanie
She said that she was tired.
Visual guide
Basic shape
SPEAKER / THINKER
She said [that she was tired].
[reported thought]
Ask: whose words?
→ She represents them.
Compare shape
Direct quote: She said, "I am tired." Indirect report: She said [that she was tired]. Check shifts: I→she, am→was.
Widok językowy
W języku ojczystym
Polish (standard)
Występowanie
strong
Znaczenie
Reported speech uses direct quotes or że/czy clauses; tense handling differs from English.
Powiedział, że przyjdzie.
He-said that he-will-come.
W języku docelowym
Japanese
Występowanie
strong
Trudność
Reported speech commonly uses the quotative particle と and speech verbs.
彼女は疲れたと言った。
She said that she was tired.
Typowa trudność uczących się
Learners may omit と or mishandle tense and politeness inside quoted content.
Good transfer potential
This block behaves relatively similarly, so you can transfer intuition more safely between the two languages.