Having Been Told Twice

by Vocafy 確認済み

英語（アメリカ） C1 10問 文法

Explore how perfect passive participle clauses connect earlier events to later decisions, reactions, and consequences.

1. 1. 正しい答えを選んでください。

   What does the opening clause tell us about Maya?

   Having been warned about loose rocks, Maya kept well back from the cliff.

   • Someone had warned Maya about the loose rocks.
   • Maya had warned someone else about the loose rocks.
   • Maya was warning others as she moved away from the cliff.

   Consider whether Maya gives or receives the warning.

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   • Someone had warned Maya about the loose rocks.

   The passive form makes Maya the receiver of the warning. The person who warned her does not need to be named.

2. 2. 空欄を埋めてください。

   ___ been told twice that the passage was closed, Owen took the marked detour.

   • Being
   • Having
   • Had

   The opening is a participle clause, not a separate finite sentence.

   Show solution

   Having been told twice that the passage was closed, Owen took the marked detour.

   The pattern is “having + been + past participle.” It presents an earlier passive event as background to the main action.

3. 3. 空欄を埋めてください。

   The research team—not the selection committee—had been shortlisted for the grant.

   Having been shortlisted for the grant, ___.

   • the selection committee scheduled an interview
   • an interview invitation was sent to the research team
   • the research team began preparing for an interview

   Who must be the subject of both the opening clause and the main clause?

   Show solution

   Having been shortlisted for the grant, the research team began preparing for an interview.

   The understood subject of the opening clause is the main clause's subject. Here, the research team must be the group that was shortlisted.

4. 4. 空欄を埋めてください。

   Sofia had received no notice that the deadline had changed.

   ___ about the change, Sofia submitted her work under the old schedule.

   • Not having been informed
   • Having been informed
   • Not having informed

   The opening must describe information Sofia did not receive.

   Show solution

   Not having been informed about the change, Sofia submitted her work under the old schedule.

   “Not having been informed” describes the absence of an earlier notification. It does not suggest that Sofia received the notice and ignored it.

5. 5. 正しい答えを選んでください。

   Which opening describes an earlier action done to the patient, rather than an earlier condition?

   • Having been unwell for several days, the patient was discharged.
   • Having been examined by a specialist, the patient was discharged.
   • Having been ready to leave since dawn, the patient was discharged.

   “Been” can introduce an adjective without making a clause passive.

   Show solution

   • Having been examined by a specialist, the patient was discharged.

   “Examined by a specialist” describes an action performed on the patient. “Unwell” and “ready” describe states, so those openings are perfect but not passive.

6. 6. 正しい答えを選んでください。

   What relationship does “nevertheless” signal?

   Having been warned that the river was rising, Noah nevertheless set out in his kayak.

   • His decision is presented as the expected result of the warning.
   • His decision is presented as occurring before the warning.
   • His decision goes against the caution suggested by the warning.

   Does the linking word suggest an expected consequence or a contrast?

   Show solution

   • His decision goes against the caution suggested by the warning.

   A perfect passive opening does not always mean “because.” Here, “nevertheless” gives it a concessive reading: Noah went despite the warning.

7. 7. 正しい答えを選んでください。

   Which detail does the sentence establish?

   Having been assured that the bridge was safe, Leila agreed to cross it.

   • Leila had received an assurance about the bridge's safety.
   • The bridge had passed a professional safety inspection.
   • Leila had personally checked the bridge for damage.

   Separate what Leila was told from what was independently verified.

   Show solution

   • Leila had received an assurance about the bridge's safety.

   The clause establishes that an assurance was given. It does not confirm that the bridge was inspected or that the assurance was accurate.

8. 8. 正しい答えを選んでください。

   Which timeline is described?

   Tomorrow morning, technicians will repair the scanner. Having been repaired, it will return to service that afternoon.

   • The repair is already complete, but the return to service is planned for tomorrow.
   • The repair and return to service are both planned for tomorrow, with the repair first.
   • The scanner will return to service tomorrow before the technicians repair it.

   Does “perfect” always locate an event before the present moment?

   Show solution

   • The repair and return to service are both planned for tomorrow, with the repair first.

   The perfect participle marks an event as earlier than the main-clause event. Both events can still be in the future.

9. 9. 正しい答えを選んでください。

   In a formal report, which concise version preserves the original cause and effect?

   The prototype had been damaged in transit, so it was withdrawn from the demonstration.

   • Having been withdrawn from the demonstration, the prototype was damaged in transit.
   • Having been damaged in transit, the demonstration was withdrawn.
   • Having been damaged in transit, the prototype was withdrawn from the demonstration.

   Keep both the earlier cause and the item affected by it unchanged.

   Show solution

   • Having been damaged in transit, the prototype was withdrawn from the demonstration.

   This compact construction is common in formal reports. It backgrounds the earlier damage while keeping the withdrawal as the main event.

10. 10. 正しい答えを選んでください。

    In what order did the three events happen?

    Having been notified of the error only after the payment had cleared, Tomas requested a refund.

    • The payment cleared, Tomas received notice of the error, and he requested a refund.
    • Tomas received notice of the error, the payment cleared, and he requested a refund.
    • The payment cleared, Tomas requested a refund, and he received notice of the error.

    First resolve “only after”; then relate the opening clause to the main clause.

    Show solution

    • The payment cleared, Tomas received notice of the error, and he requested a refund.

    “Only after” places the cleared payment before the notification. “Having been notified” then places that notification before the refund request.