The Paradox of Too Much Choice

by Vocafy 確認済み

英語（アメリカ） C1 10問 Science

Explore when more options open up possibilities—and when they make decisions harder.

1. 1. 正しい答えを選んでください。

   How does a broader selection help this customer?

   A café expands its lunch menu to include meals without dairy. A customer who cannot eat dairy now finds several suitable lunches where previously there were none.

   • It makes comparing the entire menu unnecessary for every customer.
   • It gives the customer options that meet a specific need.
   • It makes the original meals more suitable for the customer.
   • It removes the customer's need to check ingredients.

   Consider what prevented the customer from ordering before.

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   • It gives the customer options that meet a specific need.

   A wider range can be valuable when it includes options for needs that were previously overlooked.

2. 2. 正しい答えを選んでください。

   What makes this decision demanding?

   Buying her first coffee machine, Nina encounters dozens of similar models. Their descriptions list unfamiliar features, and she struggles to work out which differences would matter in daily use.

   • She has already found several models that meet clear requirements.
   • She cannot find enough models to make a meaningful comparison.
   • She is trying to replace a machine she knows well.
   • She must interpret unfamiliar details to distinguish similar options.

   Having information is not the same as knowing how to use it.

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   • She must interpret unfamiliar details to distinguish similar options.

   The burden can come from working out which differences matter, not simply from the number of products.

3. 3. 空欄を埋めてください。

   Maya's hotel booking is confirmed, and the hotel meets her needs. Yet she feels disappointed whenever she imagines that a hotel she rejected might have been better. Her dissatisfaction centers on ___.

   • possible benefits of the alternatives she passed up
   • uncertainty about whether the reservation was completed
   • a mismatch between the booked hotel and her requirements
   • the absence of any suitable hotels during her search

   Notice whether her concern involves an actual problem or an imagined alternative.

   Show solution

   Maya's hotel booking is confirmed, and the hotel meets her needs. Yet she feels disappointed whenever she imagines that a hotel she rejected might have been better. Her dissatisfaction centers on possible benefits of the alternatives she passed up.

   Comparing a real choice with imagined alternatives can fuel regret, even when the chosen option works well.

4. 4. 正しい答えを選んでください。

   Why is this filter useful?

   A laptop website lets customers filter by maximum price and weight. Every model remains available, but a commuter sees only laptops that fit both her budget and her daily travel needs.

   • It identifies the best laptop for every kind of customer.
   • It removes the need to consider differences between suitable laptops.
   • It narrows the comparison using requirements that matter to her.
   • It makes price and weight equally important to all shoppers.

   Distinguish reducing the store's inventory from reducing one customer's comparison set.

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   • It narrows the comparison using requirements that matter to her.

   A relevant filter can simplify the decision without removing options that other customers might need.

5. 5. 空欄を埋めてください。

   Leo needs a durable backpack within his budget. He buys the first one that meets both requirements rather than continuing until he can identify the best backpack available. His strategy prioritizes ___.

   • ranking every available backpack before making a purchase
   • an acceptable result over an exhaustive search
   • keeping all alternatives open after finding a suitable backpack
   • getting the highest quality regardless of the cost

   What allows Leo to stop searching?

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   Leo needs a durable backpack within his budget. He buys the first one that meets both requirements rather than continuing until he can identify the best backpack available. His strategy prioritizes an acceptable result over an exhaustive search.

   This approach is often called “satisficing”: setting a standard and accepting an option that meets it.

6. 6. 正しい答えを選んでください。

   What would most directly help Dana resolve the decision?

   Dana has narrowed her job search to three offers. One provides higher pay, another offers flexible hours, and the third involves work she finds especially meaningful. None leads on every dimension.

   • Clarifying which benefit she is least willing to give up.
   • Adding more offers without changing how she compares them.
   • Treating the three benefits as though they were interchangeable.
   • Assuming that the highest-paying offer also provides the other benefits.

   A short list can still contain a difficult trade-off.

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   • Clarifying which benefit she is least willing to give up.

   When no option is best in every respect, a decision may require clearer priorities rather than fewer alternatives.

7. 7. 正しい答えを選んでください。

   What best explains the contrast?

   An experienced cyclist quickly finds a suitable bike among dozens of models because she understands the specifications and knows her riding needs. A beginner struggles with a much smaller selection because he cannot tell which features are relevant.

   • The experienced cyclist must be considering every model equally closely.
   • The smaller selection gives the beginner more technical information.
   • The beginner's difficulty shows that a broader range would resolve his uncertainty.
   • Relevant knowledge helps the experienced cyclist eliminate unsuitable options.

   Consider how each person turns product information into a shortlist.

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   • Relevant knowledge helps the experienced cyclist eliminate unsuitable options.

   Expertise can make a large selection manageable by helping someone recognize what matters and disregard what does not.

8. 8. 正しい答えを選んでください。

   What tension does this situation illustrate?

   Free returns make Elena less worried about buying the wrong jacket. However, she continues comparing jackets after each purchase, treating every decision as temporary. She feels safer, but never quite finished.

   • A reversible decision requires more financial commitment than a final one.
   • Continuing to compare alternatives shows that the return policy has reduced her flexibility.
   • The ability to undo a choice can reduce risk while delaying commitment.
   • Feeling safer necessarily means that someone is more satisfied with the chosen item.

   Separate protection against a mistake from the feeling that a decision is complete.

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   • The ability to undo a choice can reduce risk while delaying commitment.

   Reversibility can offer reassurance, but it may also encourage some people to keep a decision open.

9. 9. 正しい答えを選んでください。

   Which design best preserves both convenience and informed choice?

   A meal subscription provides a preset weekly menu. Customers can change it, but customization is buried in a settings page. Some accept meals they would have changed if they had known that alternatives were available.

   • Keep the preset menu, clearly label it, and display an easy way to change it.
   • Remove the preset menu and require every customer to build a menu from scratch.
   • Expand the meal selection while leaving customization in the same settings page.
   • Make the preset menu more personalized without explaining how customers can change it.

   A convenient starting point need not conceal the ability to choose differently.

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   • Keep the preset menu, clearly label it, and display an easy way to change it.

   A visible, changeable default can reduce effort while keeping customers aware of their control.

10. 10. 正しい答えを選んでください。

    Which conclusion best reflects the research?

    Research on choice overload has produced mixed findings. Larger assortments sometimes discourage choosing, but not consistently. Factors such as the complexity of comparisons and the clarity of people's preferences can influence the outcome.

    • Mixed findings establish that assortment size has no influence on decisions.
    • The effect can depend on the decision context, so option count alone is not a reliable guide.
    • Larger assortments discourage choosing in every setting, although the strength of the effect varies.
    • The findings establish a universal cutoff beyond which additional options become harmful.

    Mixed findings support neither dismissing the effect nor treating it as universal.

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    • The effect can depend on the decision context, so option count alone is not a reliable guide.

    Choice overload is a possible response, not an inevitable one. There is no single ideal number of options for every decision.