Where Do English Words Come From?
Discover the surprising histories of everyday words, from sandwich and robot to ketchup, and explore how English borrows and reshapes words.
Preview
Questions with solutions-
1. 正しい答えを選んでください。
What is the documented source of the food name "sandwich"?
With only a short lunch break, Maya ordered a sandwich she could eat at her desk.
- A bread-making technique
- A British nobleman's title
- A cooking utensil
- A variety of wheat
People's names and titles sometimes become names for everyday objects.
Show solution
- A British nobleman's title
The food is named after the Earl of Sandwich. A word based on someone's name or title is called an eponym.
-
2. 正しい答えを選んでください。
Which language gave English the word "kindergarten"?
Leo started kindergarten before entering first grade.
- Spanish
- French
- German
- Italian
The spelling of "garten" may help you recognize the language.
Show solution
- German
The German name presents early education as a garden where children can grow. English kept the original word rather than creating a new name.
-
3. 正しい答えを選んでください。
What did the Czech source word "robota" refer to?
The word "robot" entered English through a Czech play about artificial workers created to serve people.
- Forced labor
- Careful calculation
- Public entertainment
- Mechanical movement
Focus on the workers' role, rather than how a machine moves.
Show solution
- Forced labor
The source word refers to compulsory work. The name therefore emphasizes service and labor, not a robot's mechanical parts.
-
4. 正しい答えを選んでください。
Which two words were combined to create "brunch"?
On Sunday, we skipped an early breakfast and had brunch around midday.
- Breakfast and dinner
- Lunch and supper
- Lunch and snack
- Breakfast and lunch
Think about the two meals that brunch replaces.
Show solution
- Breakfast and lunch
A blend keeps parts of its source words. By contrast, a compound such as "lunchbox" keeps both words whole.
-
5. 正しい答えを選んでください。
What kind of origin does the name "denim" have?
These jeans are made of denim, a strong fabric whose name comes from the French expression "de Nîmes."
- The name of a weaving tool
- The name of a French city
- The name of a cotton plant
- The name of a clothing designer
The capital letter in "Nîmes" suggests a proper name.
Show solution
- The name of a French city
Nîmes is a city in France associated with textile production. Fabric names can preserve links to places long after the fabrics travel elsewhere.
-
6. 正しい答えを選んでください。
What did "shampoo" first refer to in English?
Long before it named a liquid for washing hair, "shampoo" entered English from Hindi.
- A scented powder
- A wooden comb
- A massage
- A cloth head covering
Its first meaning concerned a treatment for the body, not a hair product.
Show solution
- A massage
The early English meaning involved massaging the body. The word later became associated with washing the hair and then with the product used.
-
7. 正しい答えを選んでください。
Which conclusion follows from this history of "ketchup"?
The name "ketchup" has roots in Asian sauce names. Early British ketchup recipes used ingredients such as mushrooms or walnuts; tomato ketchup became common later.
- The name has covered sauces with very different ingredients.
- The word has always meant a sauce made mainly from tomatoes.
- The word began as an English name for a type of mushroom.
- The name refers only to a cooking method, not a sauce.
Follow the name across the changes in ingredients.
Show solution
- The name has covered sauces with very different ingredients.
A borrowed food name can survive major changes to its recipe. The familiar tomato version is only one stage in ketchup's history.
-
8. 正しい答えを選んでください。
Which naming process does this history illustrate?
The Latin word behind "muscle" meant a little mouse. A moving muscle was compared to a small mouse beneath the skin.
- Naming something after its discoverer
- Shortening a longer scientific phrase
- Combining the names of two body parts
- Naming something after what it resembles
Consider the visual comparison.
Show solution
- Naming something after what it resembles
A familiar image can become the name of something less familiar. Even technical body terms may begin with an everyday comparison.
-
9. 正しい答えを選んでください。
Why can "ballet" have Italian roots but be a French loanword in English?
Italian "balletto" developed into French "ballet," which English then borrowed.
- The Italian and French forms developed independently.
- English lent the word to French before borrowing it back.
- Its earlier roots and its direct source are different stages.
- A loanword is named after the language where it is used most.
A word's journey can have more than one stop.
Show solution
- Its earlier roots and its direct source are different stages.
The language English borrows a word from directly is not necessarily the language where that word's history began.
-
10. 正しい答えを選んでください。
What does "veggie burger" show about the development of "hamburger"?
The word "hamburger" is linked to Hamburg, a German city. Later, English speakers began using "burger" on its own and in names such as "veggie burger."
- The original word named meat made from ham.
- Part of the word became a reusable food name.
- The city's name still determines the ingredients.
- The shorter form can refer only to beef.
Notice how "burger" can combine with new food names.
Show solution
- Part of the word became a reusable food name.
Speakers treated "burger" as a separate unit, although "ham" was not originally an ingredient name within "hamburger."
-
11. 正しい答えを選んでください。
How does this history differ from the usual pattern in "teach" and "teacher"?
English had the noun "editor" before the verb "edit." Speakers formed the verb by removing an ending that looked like the ending in other job names.
- The verb came first, and the noun added an ending.
- Both forms were shortened from a longer phrase.
- The noun and verb were borrowed together.
- The noun came first, and the verb was formed from it.
Track which form appeared first.
Show solution
- The noun came first, and the verb was formed from it.
This process is called back-formation: speakers create a shorter word by removing what looks like an ending.
-
12. 正しい答えを選んでください。
What does the spelling history of "island" show?
The "s" in "island" was added because writers associated the word with "isle." However, "island" came from Old English, while "isle" came through French from Latin.
- Spelling can change because people assume words are related.
- A silent letter always preserves a sound once pronounced.
- Words with similar meanings must have the same origin.
- English borrowed both words together from French.
Separate the writers' assumption from the words' actual histories.
Show solution
- Spelling can change because people assume words are related.
The silent "s" reflects an assumed connection, not an earlier "s" sound in "island." Modern spelling can sometimes hide a word's history.