Evidence / Source Signal
How does the speaker know?
Значение
A signal that marks whether information is seen, heard, inferred, assumed, reported, remembered, or generally known.
Как распознать
Ask whether the sentence shows the source of knowledge.
Примеры
apparently|I heard|it seems|they say
I heard that|apparently true|it looks like
Apparently, the train is late.
Visual guide
claim: the train is late
^
evidence layer:
how does speaker know?
I heard / it seems / apparently
Apparently, the train is late.
Evidence choices: seen -> direct I heard -> heard they say -> reported it seems -> inferred apparently -> indirect
Разбор по языкам
В родном языке
Russian can signal source lexically, but evidential marking is not grammaticalized.
Говорят, он уехал.
They say he left.
На изучаемом языке
В английском источник информации обычно называют отдельными словами и фразами, например apparently, reportedly, I heard that; обязательной грамматической системы для этого нет.
Apparently, he left early.
apparently = сигнал источника или основания информации («по-видимому», «судя по всему»)
В официальном письме учащиеся могут не показать, знают ли они факт сами, делают вывод или передают чужую информацию.
Good transfer potential
This block behaves relatively similarly, so you can transfer intuition more safely between the two languages.