Evidence / Source Signal
Evidentiality
Reportative
Inferential
Quotative
How does the speaker know?
advanced
advanced
Speaker stance
Значение
A signal that marks whether information is seen, heard, inferred, assumed, reported, remembered, or generally known.
Как распознать
Ask whether the sentence shows the source of knowledge.
Примеры
Слова
apparently|I heard|it seems|they say
Фразы
I heard that|apparently true|it looks like
Предложение
Apparently, the train is late.
Visual guide
Basic shape
claim: the train is late
^
evidence layer:
how does speaker know?
I heard / it seems / apparently
Apparently, the train is late.
Compare shape
Evidence choices: seen -> direct I heard -> heard they say -> reported it seems -> inferred apparently -> indirect
Разбор по языкам
В вашем языке
Russian
Выраженность
weak
Важность
Russian can signal source lexically, but evidential marking is not grammaticalized.
Говорят, он уехал.
They say he left.
В изучаемом языке
Japanese
Выраженность
medium
Сложность
Japanese has useful hearsay and inference markers, though not a mandatory evidential system.
電車が遅れているそうです。
I hear that the train is late.
Типичная трудность
Learners may confuse そうだ for hearsay with そうだ for appearance.
New in your learning language
This block is more central in your learning language. Give it extra focus in examples and practice.