The actor is commonly placed before the verb, but Mandarin can omit it when obvious and can also front a topic before the comment.

在基础英语句子中，动作的发起者通常放在动词前面；它也会影响动词形式，例如 she opens 中的 -s。

Mandarin events are centered on verbs or stative predicates, with no person or tense conjugation; aspect and context carry much of the event framing.

英语句子的事件核心通常是动词；表达时态、进行、被动或疑问时，常需要助动词，如 be、have、do。

The affected target usually follows the verb, but Mandarin also uses 把 bǎ to bring a handled object before the verb and 被 bèi for passive-like affectedness.

英语通常靠动词后的位置来标出受影响对象；代词仍能看出宾格，如 him、her。

Mandarin participants are expressed with nouns, pronouns, noun phrases, or are omitted when context makes them clear. Classifiers become important when participants are counted or specified.

英语中，参与者通常用名词短语或代词表示；名词常需要冠词（a/the）和单复数标记。

Existence, location, identity, and property states use different Mandarin patterns, especially 有 yǒu, 在 zài, 是 shì, and adjective/stative predicates.

英语表达状态、位置、存在和许多描述时，通常需要 be（am/is/are/was/were）。

Identity and classification commonly use 是 shì, while many property descriptions do not use 是.

英语表示身份或类别时通常用 be；单数可数名词前常要加冠词，如 a doctor。

Mandarin is strongly topic-prominent: the first element is often what the sentence is about, not necessarily the grammatical actor.

英语可以把话题提前形成“话题 + 评论”的表达，但更常见、更自然的基本语序是主语-动词-宾语。

Recipients and beneficiaries are commonly marked with 给 gěi, through verb patterns, or by context in giving, telling, sending, and helping expressions.

英语可用双宾语顺序表示接收者，如 give her a book；也可用 to/for，如 give a book to her。

Experiencer meanings such as liking, knowing, feeling, and perceiving are often expressed with stative verbs or ordinary verb patterns rather than special case marking.

英语常把感受者放在主语位置，如 I like music；但有些表达会把感受者放在宾语或介词短语中。

Instruments are often introduced with 用 yòng or 拿 ná before the main verb, forming a pre-verbal instrument phrase.

英语通常用介词表示工具或媒介，最常见的是 with。

Mandarin locates events in time mainly with time words and phrases, commonly before the verb and often after the topic or subject.

英语常用时间副词和介词来说明事件发生的时间，例如 at、on、in、for、since。

Mandarin does not have grammatical tense inflection; past, present, and future are usually inferred from time words, aspect, modality, and context.

英语中作谓语的动词通常会显示现在或过去；将来多用 will、be going to 等结构或上下文来表达。