F03
booster
Information structure
Scope
Scope Lamp
What does this marker apply to?
intermediate
Scope
Operator
Focus-sensitive particle
意味
The range affected by a word or marker such as not, only, also, all, every, already, still, almost, or even.
見分け方
Move the marker mentally and observe what meaning changes.
例
単語
only|also|not|all|every|almost|still
フレーズ
only Anna|not all|almost finished
文
Only John saw Mary.
Visual guide
Basic shape
Scope = lit area
Only [John] saw Mary
^^^^
only applies here
Meaning:
John, not others,
saw Mary.
Compare shape
Move the lamp: Only [John] saw Mary = subject in scope John only [saw Mary] = whole event in scope John saw only [Mary] = object in scope
言語別ビュー
母語の仕組み
日本語
表れ方
strong
重要度
Scope is expressed with particles such as だけ, しか, も and their position.
ジョンだけがメアリーを見た。
Only John saw Mary.
学習言語では
英語
表れ方
strong
難易度
English scope depends strongly on placement and interpretation of words like only, even, also, all, not, and almost.
Only John saw Mary.
only scopes over John
よくあるつまずき
Learners may place only, also, and not in positions that change or obscure meaning.
Same block, different coding
Both languages use this block strongly, but they signal it differently. Focus on form changes, not only meaning.