Quoted / Reported Speech
Who said or thought it?
意味
A structure that reports speech, thought, belief, command, or question directly or indirectly.
見分け方
Ask whose words or thoughts are being represented.
例
said|told|asked|thought|quoted
he said that|she asked if|according to him
She said that she was tired.
Visual guide
SPEAKER / THINKER
She said [that she was tired].
[reported thought]
Ask: whose words?
→ She represents them.
Direct quote: She said, "I am tired." Indirect report: She said [that she was tired]. Check shifts: I→she, am→was.
言語別ビュー
母語の仕組み
Reported speech commonly uses the quotative particle と and speech verbs.
彼女は疲れたと言った。
She said that she was tired.
学習言語では
English distinguishes direct and reported speech with reporting verbs, tense backshift, pronouns, and punctuation.
She said that she was tired.
reported clause = reported speech
Learners often struggle with tense shift, quote punctuation, and pronoun/time changes.
Same block, different coding
Both languages use this block strongly, but they signal it differently. Focus on form changes, not only meaning.